Veritasium

Title: The Threat of AI Weapons
Runtime: 6:47
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: Will artificial intelligence weapons cause World War III? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiJTq11kqdw
This animated clip is from my friends at http://ve42.co/pindex2
New series! http://vrv.co/paradigms

I'm not sure how alarmed to be about artificial intelligence. Personally I think it's really hard to predict when we'll create a machine that essentially has consciousness. That's because we don't know what consciousness is, how it works, what's required to create it etc. So It might be technologically around the corner or a hundred years away.

What I do think is more predictable is the development of autonomous weapons that use AI to be the most effective killing machines of all time. That is scary. As outline by people like Musk and Hawking, this threat is clear and present so we should address it. I would like to see us agree as a species not to develop these sorts of weapons because if any one state does develop them, they would be very hard to s...

Why Mosquitoes Bite Some People More Than Others

Title: Why Mosquitoes Bite Some People More Than Others
Runtime: 12:10
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: Mosquitoes are attracted to me and it's likely due to my genes.
This video is sponsored by 23andMe https://23andme.com/veritasium
Huge thanks to Prof. Immo Hansen and team: http://ve42.co/hansen

References:
Genome Wide Association Study for self-reported mosquito attractiveness:
http://ve42.co/MossieGWAS

The twin study showing correlated attractiveness is stronger for identical twins:
http://ve42.co/MossieTwins

Some things we know make mosquitoes more attracted to you:
Exercising, higher metabolism, higher body temperature, more body odor, being pregnant, type O blood, infrequent bathing, lactic acid, ammonia, acetone.

There are a number of folk remedies people believe protect them from mosquito bites like drinking alcohol, eating garlic, or taking vitamin B. These do not appear to provide any benefit in lab studies and in fact drinking alcohol is associated with increased mosquito activity because ...

Title: This Particle Breaks Time Symmetry
Runtime: 9:00
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: Increasing entropy is NOT the only process that's asymmetric in time.
Check out the book: http://WeHaveNoIdea.com
This video was co-written by Daniel Whiteson and Jorge Cham
You can also check out PhD Comics: http://phdcomics.com

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Tony Fadell, Donal Botkin, Michael Krugman, Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen, Joshua Abenir

Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://ve42.co/patreon

Original paper on parity violation by the weak force by Lee and Yang:
http://www.physics.utah.edu/~belz/phys5110/PhysRev.104.254.pdf

More on B-meson oscillations and time reversal violation:
Physics World Article: http://ve42.co/TimeReversal
Original paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1410.1742.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_meson

Physics consultant: Prof. Stephen Bartlett

Studio filming by Raquel Nuno

Title: World's First Car!
Runtime: 9:14
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: I got to drive the world's first car (replica), patented by Benz in 1886
Check out the series on new safety features: http://ve42.co/MB
This video is sponsored by Mercedes-Benz, who invited me to come to Stuttgart to see their latest cars, crash test facilities and experience the innovations they are working on.

Physics is something that is directly applicable to car safety. Cars go fast, but they also sometimes collide with obstacles, which brings them to a sudden stop, subjecting the car and occupants to very high accelerations, which can cause injury or death. So the major idea to improve car safety is to reduce these accelerations and there are a number of ways to do this:

Passive safety:

Seat belts: keep passengers in the vehicle, preventing them from continuing with constant velocity, flying through the windshield and suffering a worse deceleration when they make contact with the road.

Crumple zones: increase the dis...

Title: Your Body's Molecular Machines
Runtime: 6:21
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: These are the molecular machines inside your body that make cell division possible. Animation by Drew Berry at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research. http://wehi.tv

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Joshua Abenir, Tony Fadell, Donal Botkin, Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen

Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://ve42.co/patreon

Every day in an adult human roughly 50-70 billion of your cells die. They may be damaged, stressed, or just plain old - this is normal, in fact it’s called programmed cell death.

To make up for that loss, right now, inside your body, billions of cells are dividing, creating new cells.

And cell division, also called mitosis, requires an army of tiny molecular machines.DNA is a good place to start - the double helix molecule that we always talk about.

This is a scientifically accurate depiction of DNA. If you unwind the two strands you can...

Neutron Star Merger Gravitational Waves and Gamma Rays

Title: Neutron Star Merger Gravitational Waves and Gamma Rays
Runtime: 5:26
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: The merging of two neutron stars was detected by gravitational waves and then by telescopes in all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is a historic detection as it demonstrates:
- the first gravitational waves detected from inspiraling neutron stars
- the first joint observation by gravitational wave and electromagnetic wave astronomy
- identification of a gamma ray burst in conjunction with merging neutron stars
- how gravitational waves and gamma rays can be used together to locate their source

All evidence so far indicates that the data support General Relativity.

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Tony Fadell, Donal Botkin, Curational, Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen, Corvi

Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://ve42.co/patreon

Graphics from:
Jets and Debris from a Neutron Star Collision
This animation captures phenomena observed over the course of nine day...

Title: Schlieren Imaging in Color!
Runtime: 8:59
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: How Schlieren imaging works in color, black and white and slow-mo.
Get a free audiobook with a 30 day free trial at http://www.audible.com/veritasium

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Tony Fadell, Donal Botkin, Curational, Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen, Corvi

Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://ve42.co/patreon

Filming by Raquel Nuno
Sound Effects by A Shell in the Pit

What it’s like to watch a Total Solar Eclipse

Title: What it’s like to watch a Total Solar Eclipse
Runtime: 5:21
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: The total solar eclipse from Madras, Oregon on August 21, 2017. As the moon passed in front of the sun turning day to night and revealing the sun's corona, apparently all I could think to say was 'Oh my goodness!'

This awe-inspiring phenomenon returned to the US on April 8, 2024, when total solar eclipse crossed North America, passing over Mexico, the United States, and Canada.

Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE

Everyone says not to photograph your first solar eclipse and I think they might be right. I was focused on getting the exposure right for Bailey's beads and the diamond ring, plus making sure to get the corona and solar flares. This was a bit stressful but I'm delighted with the results.

This video originally included more info but since I'm uploading from Madras where the internet is sluggish, I cut out three minutes so the upload wo...

Title: How We're Redefining the kg
Runtime: 9:49
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: In 2018 the kg will be defined by Planck's constant, not a hunk of metal.
Try a free book from Audible for 30 days http://ve42.co/audible
Special thanks to the staff at NIST who made this possible: Darine Haddad, Jon Pratt, Stephan Schlamminger, and Ben Stein.

Additional footage and animations by Sean Kelley, Jennifer Lauren Lee, and Frank Seifert.

I have been obsessed with measurement for a long time and I'm not sure quite how it happened. The world's roundest object played a role in this. I guess I'm just fascinated by how difficult it is to pin down a quantity like a kilogram. A physical object seemed like a good idea until the mass of the international prototype kilogram wasn't as constant as expected. These methods of the Kibble balance and silicon sphere have shown better precision than 20 parts per billion, making them superior to the old method. The agreement between Avogadro approaches

Special thanks to Patreon Supporters:

Title: Hydrodynamic Levitation!
Runtime: 6:09
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: On a stream of water you can levitate light balls of all sizes and even disks and cylinders. The mechanism is not the Bernoulli effect...
Want to make this at home? https://youtu.be/BppcHF2EdAY

My friend Blake from InnoVinci emailed me with a cool idea for a video and footage of levitating balls in water streams. Initially it was tough to explain the physics of what was going on. The standard Bernoulli effect relies on the object being completely immersed in the upward-flowing fluid. But in this case the water seems to form a single stream around the object and it's deflected away and down from the stream. By Newton's third law, the force on the water by the ball is equal and opposite to the force of the water back on the ball, pushing it up into the stream. There is a stable equilibrium position because if the ball moves into the stream, it "cuts off" the water going over the ball so it drifts out. If it drifts out too far, then lots of water passes over the ball, p...

Title: How To See Air Currents
Runtime: 6:32
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: This is what the world would look like if you could see invisible air currents, temperature gradients, and differences in pressure or composition of the air.
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://ve42.co/patreon

Special thanks to Patreon Supporters:
Tony Fadell, Donal Botkin, Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen

I first saw a Schlieren imaging setup around ten years ago in Melbourne. I was immediately fascinated by the way I could see the warm air coming off my hand. I hadn't expected the currents to be moving that fast or to be so visible. This was a tricky setup to get right because alignment is very important and here I'm just working with what I had lying around the house mostly (plus the mirror). For the best Schlieren photography, making sure the mirror is stable is essential. I want to improve my setup so the mirror doesn't wobble back and forth too much creating the pulsing light and dark sections of this video.

Title: Sandwich Bag Fire Starter
Runtime: 5:36
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: Grant Thompson - the King of Random - teaches me how to start a fire with a Sandwich bag. And we tried to melt glass in my backyard: https://goo.gl/zb0uE0
Check out his channel: http://ve42.co/KoR

The intensity of sunlight on Earth is about 1300 Watts per square meter. When you focus the sun's rays using a magnifying glass (or in this case sphere of water) you can increase the intensity roughly ten thousand fold. This increases the temperature of wood to its autoignition point starting the reaction with oxygen in the atmosphere. By protecting the hot embers and adding more energy and fuel, you can get these hot coals to start a roaring fire.

Special thanks to Patreon Supporters:
Tony Fadell, Donal Botkin, Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen

Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://ve42.co/patreon

Title: NEW Gravitational Wave Discovery!
Runtime: 5:02
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: Scientists have JUST published this new observation. On January 4th, 2017 they detected the merger of two black holes 3 billion light-years away. This marks the furthest detection they've been able to make and increases confidence that these events will be seen with increasing frequency as the LIGO interferometers become more sensitive to low amplitude gravitational waves (as sources of noise are eliminated).

Special thanks to:
Prof. Rana Adhikari
Prof. David Reitze

Resources by:
Binary Neutron Star merger: Relastro @ ITP - Goethe University, Frankfurt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOTXC4FG9gU
Numerical simulation of black hole merger:
S. Ossokine/A. Buonanno/T. Dietrich (MPI for Gravitational Physics)/R. Haas (NCSA)/SXS project
Artist's impression of merger and chart: LIGO/Caltech/MIT/Sonoma State (Aurore Simonnet)
Simulation of black hole merger: SXS Collaboration

Special thanks to Patreon Supporters:<...

Title: World's Heaviest Weight
Runtime: 5:45
Date posted: 9 years ago
Description: How do you measure big forces accurately? By calibrating your force transducer on the world's biggest weight - 1,000,000 pounds of force. This machine ensures planes don't break apart, jets provide required thrust, and rockets make it to their destination.

Thanks to the people at NIST for showing me around: Rick Seifarth and Ben Stein. Animations here are by Sean Kelley and additional footage by Jennifer Lauren Lee.

Special thanks to Patreon Supporters:
Tony Fadell, Donal Botkin, Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen

Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://ve42.co/patreon

Before visiting NIST in Washington DC I had no idea machines like this existed. Surely there's an accurate way to measure forces without creating such a huge known force?! Nope. This appears to be the best way, with a stack of 20 x 50,000 lb masses creating a maximum force of 4.45 MN or 1,000,000 pounds of force. I also wouldn't have thought about...

Title: Mars 2020: Nasa's Next Mission To Mars
Runtime: 8:58
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: The Perseverance Rover and helicopter Ingenuity have landed safely on Mars. A few years back I got to visit NASA JPL to interview the scientists to find out their goals for the mission. I made this clip as a correspondent for Bill Nye Saves the World on Netflix.

Touring the Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) in Pasadena was an awesome experience. I didn't think we were going to get into the control room but we got lucky. Some of the greatest moments in the history of space exploration have taken place there. They have a giant vacuum chamber where they can take the rover down to the atmospheric pressure on Mars (roughly .01x Earth's atmosphere) and test all of the devices to make sure there are no electrical discharges due to the reduced pressure. I also enjoyed seeing how the rocks will be cored and stored in tubes and deposited on the Martian surface awaiting pickup by the following mission.

Images courtesy of NASA.

Filmed by Raquel Nuno from 3:30 onwards....

Title: Is America Actually Metric?
Runtime: 8:52
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: The US signed the metre convention and bases all customary units on SI standards. As an aside, the Utah constitution from 1895 required the metric system to be taught in schools. This requirement was repealed in 1987. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

Huge thanks to NIST, Ben Stein and Patrick Abbott.
https://www.nist.gov/
https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/si-units-mass

Special thanks to Patreon Supporters:
Tony Fadell, Donal Botkin, Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen

Back in 1875 The US signed the Metre Convention, which basically committed the country to use the metric system. In return, French scientists sent two platinum-iridium cylinders that weigh 1kg to the US in 1889 (known by their designations K4 and K20 from a set of 40 identical objects that were produced and sent around the world). So even though everything you see and buy in the US is usually reported in pounds, all weights are traceable back to the K20 k...

Title: Fire in ZERO-G!!
Runtime: 7:48
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: In a zero-g plane I experimented with flames and slinkies with surprising results.
Check out e-penser's video: http://ve42.co/EPzeroG
Check out Physicsgirl's video: http://ve42.co/PGzeroG

Thanks to Novespace: http://ve42.co/novespace

Special thanks to Patreon Supporters:
Tony Fadell, Donal Botkin, Nick Luchsinger, Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen

The zero-g plane allows for a lot of experiments to be conducted without the expense of getting equipment into orbit. Apparently 80% of microgravity research can be performed in a zero-gravity plane, which is much cheaper than going to space. The flame from the lighter seemed much lazier in zero-g because without weight there is no buoyant force and therefore no convection. This makes the process of combustion more challenging because it's difficult for oxygen to reach the fuel.

Music from the Epidemic Sound: http://ve42.co/epidemic
"Serene Story 2...

Title: The Sun Sneeze Gene
Runtime: 6:17
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: I have the photic sneeze reflex so I sneeze when I look at bright light.
Check out 23andMe: http://ve42.co/23andme
*So technically the single nucleotide swap (C instead of T) is not actually in a gene per se but in an intergenic region on chromosome 2. It's also not clear exactly how this affects physiology or causes the sun sneeze but there is correlative evidence that every copy of this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is associated with a 1.3x increase in likelihood of having the photic sneeze reflex.

I have wanted to make a video about sun-sneezing for a long time. It is something I've experienced my whole life. When I go from a dark room indoors into full sunlight I invariably sneeze. I thought everyone did it. So my original question was why do people sneeze when they see bright light? That led me to consider what possible evolutionary advantages there could be to sneezing in sunlight. The obvious advantage to me is that sunlight kills pathogens of wh...

Title: 4 Revolutionary Riddles Resolved!
Runtime: 8:51
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: The solution to 4 rotation-related riddles, including the mystery cylinder, bike pedal pulling puzzle, track problem, and train part going backwards. Thank you to everyone who responded, liked, shared, or made a video response.
Please fill out this short survey for research: http://ve42.co/Rresearch

Special thanks to:
Mathematician George Hart: http://georgehart.com/
For allowing me to use excerpts from his pedal pulling puzzle solution: http://ve42.co/ppp

Petr Lebedev for combing through thousands of comments and providing the stats I gave in this video.

Video responses I used in this video (or watched):
everWonder? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ub2Cuclh1M
A Random Nerdy Channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9RB9TrZGps
The Physics DoJo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pns0LCGLu9k
Oblivious Jim https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12WZIMEPi1A
Armchair Explorers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1yX_LT...

Title: 4 Revolutionary Riddles
Runtime: 4:24
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: Can you solve these four rotation-related riddles?
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://ve42.co/patreon
Test yourself playlist: http://ve42.co/testurself

Huge thanks to Patreon supporters:
Jeff Straathof, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen

I came across these four physics puzzles over the years in discussions with Neil deGrasse Tyson (riddle 4: which part(s) of a moving train are going backwards with respect to the ground?), Simon Pampena (riddle 2: run around a track twice, the first time slowly, the second time much faster so that the average for the two laps is twice the speed of the first lap). Someone tweeted me a video of the mystery cylinder rolling down the ramp in riddle 1 (sorry I'm not sure who it was). Riddle three about a bicycle going forward or backward when it's bottom peddle is pulled back was brought to me by a number of people and I appreciate all of their help!

Filmed by Raquel Nuno.
Thanks to everyo...

Title: The Bayesian Trap
Runtime: 10:37
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: Bayes' theorem explained with examples and implications for life.
Check out Audible: http://ve42.co/audible
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://ve42.co/patreon

I didn't say it explicitly in the video, but in my view the Bayesian trap is interpreting events that happen repeatedly as events that happen inevitably. They may be inevitable OR they may simply be the outcome of a series of steps, which likely depend on our behaviour. Yet our expectation of a certain outcome often leads us to behave just as we always have which only ensures that outcome. To escape the Bayesian trap, we must be willing to experiment.

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Tony Fadell, Jeff Straathof, Donal Botkin, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Nathan Hansen, Saeed Alghamdi

Useful references:
The Signal and the Noise, Nate Silver
The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes’ Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Tri...

Does Water Swirl the Other Way in the Southern Hemisphere?

Title: Does Water Swirl the Other Way in the Southern Hemisphere?
Runtime: 5:59
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: The definitive answer about the direction water swirls in two hemispheres
Sync the videos yourself: http://toiletswirl.com

For the record Destin and I repeated the experiment 3-4 times each in each hemisphere and got the same results every time.

The idea that water going down a drain or flushed down a toilet swirls in opposite directions in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres has a long history. But few have ever done the experiment. Destin from Smarter Every Day and I performed identical experiments in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. What we found is the direction of water swirl in a toilet, sink, or bathtub is determined by other sources of angular momentum. However if the body of water is big enough, e.g. a kiddy pool, and left still for long enough (at least 24 hours), then the Coriolis effect is observable with water swirling counterclockwise in the Northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern hemisphere.

Veritasium on Ins...

Title: The Science of Thinking
Runtime: 12:10
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: How the brain works, how we learn, and why we sometimes make stupid mistakes.
Submit ideas: http://ve42.co/GotIdeas
Apply to work with me: http://ve42.co/JoinUs

Thanks to Patreon supporters:
Nathan Hansen, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal

Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

This video was inspired by the book Thinking Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman

Harpist: Lara Somogyi http://ve42.co/Lara
Animator: Jesse Agar http://ve42.co/ThisPlace
Filmed by Raquel Nuno

Music by Kevin MacLeod, http://incompetech.com "Sneaky Adventure" "Harlequin"

Title: 3 Sources of Water on the Moon
Runtime: 6:04
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: NEW CHANNEL! http://youtube.com/sciencium

For a long time we thought the Moon was completely dry, but it turns out there are actually three sources of lunar water.
Thanks to Google Making and Science for supporting the new channel! http://youtube.com/makingscience

Thanks to Patreon supporters:
Nathan Hansen, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal

Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

References:
Great history of water on the moon: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1205.5597.pdf

Filmed by Raquel Nuno

Music from http://epidemicsound.com "Serene Story 2"

Title: Electromagnetic Levitation Quadcopter
Runtime: 6:19
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: Spinning magnets near copper sheets create levitation!
Try Audible free for 30 days: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
Special thanks to Hyperloop One for showing me around.

Thanks to Patreon supporters:
Nathan Hansen, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Saeed Alghamdi, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal, Perry cl, Bryan Baker
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

Filmed by Raquel Nuno, Edited by Trevor Carlee

Obviously this "quadcopter" is a demonstration device, showing how moving magnets over a conducting surface can generate levitation. It has not been optimized to minimize losses or be an efficient mode of transport. I still think it's pretty cool. I'm used to seeing light things levitated by induced currents but not a 100+ lb machine.

For more on Hyperloop One: https://hyperloop-one.com/

The Real Moral Dilemma of Self-Driving Cars

Title: The Real Moral Dilemma of Self-Driving Cars
Runtime: 3:41
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: We talk about all the potentially challenging situations autonomous cars could get into but not about how human drivers are not very good. Tens of thousands die on the roads every year in collisions, most of which could be prevented by autonomous vehicles.
Sponsored by BMW

I wanted to make a video about autonomous cars for some time but I hadn't had the opportunity. The self-driving technology is already at a state where it can save lives if only it were more widely implemented.

Links to original clips:
TED-Ed https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixIoDYVfKA0
BBC Newsnight: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FypPSJfCRFk&t=172s

Music from http://www.epidemicsound.com "Ambient Electronic Groove," "Pet Animals 2," "The Long Ride."
Filmed by Raquel Nuno
Edited by Trevor Carlee

The Absurdity of Detecting Gravitational Waves

Title: The Absurdity of Detecting Gravitational Waves
Runtime: 9:07
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: A head-vaporizing laser with a perfect wavelength detecting sub-proton space-time ripples.
Huge thanks to Prof Rana Adhikari and LIGO: http://ligo.org
Here's how he felt when he learned about the first ever detection: https://youtu.be/ViMnGgn87dg

Thanks to Patreon supporters:
Nathan Hansen, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Saeed Alghamdi, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

A lot of videos have covered the general overview of the discovery of gravitational waves, what they are, the history of the search, when they were found but I wanted to delve into the absurd science that made the detection possible.

When scientists want one megawatt of laser power, it's not just for fun (though I'm sure it's that too), it's because the fluctuations in the number of photons is proportional to their square root, making more powerful beams less noisy (as a fraction of their total). The smoothest mirrors ...

Post-Truth: Why Facts Don't Matter Anymore

Title: Post-Truth: Why Facts Don't Matter Anymore
Runtime: 19:02
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: Why we can't seem to agree on what's true when it's easier than ever to check.
Videos like this are usually on 2Veritasium: http://bit.ly/2Veritasium
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

This video was filmed at a meetup in Stockholm, Sweden on Dec. 9, 2016. Huge thanks to everyone who attended - I had a great time. Sorry to those of you I missed, especially Lund and Gothenburg.

Thanks to Patreon supporters (but this is a non-paid post):
Meshal Alshammari, Nathan Hansen, Bryan Baker, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Saeed Alghamdi, Ron Neal

Title: Indestructible Coating?!
Runtime: 7:09
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: Used in everything from bullet-proof vests to the walls of the Pentagon, polyurea's strength comes from its long-chain molecules.
Check out How Ridiculous: http://bit.ly/VeHowRidiculous
Snatoms magnetic molecules: http://bit.ly/VeSnatoms
Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

Special thanks to South Bay Line-X: http://southbaylinex.com/

Thanks to Patreon supporters:
Nathan Hansen, Bryan Baker, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Saeed Alghamdi

Filmed by Prashanth Venkataramanujam

SFX by A Shell in the Pit

Title: What the Fahrenheit?!
Runtime: 5:24
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: The crazy story of the arbitrary temperature scale used in a tiny minority of countries.
Check out Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
Snatoms are available again! http://www.snatoms.com
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

Celsius didn't invent Celsius: http://bit.ly/VeCelsius

Video animated by Marcello Ascani: http://bit.ly/VeMarcello

Thanks to Patreon supporters:
Nathan Hansen, Bryan Baker, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Saeed Alghamdi

Music by Kevin MacLeod: http://incompetech.com "Modern Piano Zeta - Improbable" "Ice Demon" "Divertimento K131" "Sneaky Adventure" "Sheep May Safely Graze" "Professor and the Plant"

References:
A History of the Thermometer and its uses in Meteorology by W. E. Knowles Middleton

Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold by Tom Shachtman

The Science of Measurement, A Historical Survey by Herbert Arthur Klein

Lehrbu...

Is This What Quantum Mechanics Looks Like?

Title: Is This What Quantum Mechanics Looks Like?
Runtime: 7:41
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: Silicone oil droplets provide a physical realization of pilot wave theories.
Check out Smarter Every Day: http://bit.ly/VeSmarter
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

Huge thanks to:
Dr. Stephane Perrard, Dr Matthieu Labousse, Pr Emmanuel Fort, Pr Yves Couder and their group site http://dualwalkers.com/
Prof. John Bush: http://math.mit.edu/~bush/
Dr. Daniel Harris
Prof. Stephen Bartlett
Looking Glass Universe: http://bit.ly/LGUVe
Workgroup Bohemian Mechanics: http://www.mathematik.uni-muenchen.de/~bohmmech/
Filmed by Raquel Nuno

Thanks to Patreon supporters:
Nathan Hansen, Bryan Baker, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Saeed Alghamdi

Thanks to Google Making and Science for helping me pursue my #sciencegoals. If you want to try this experiment, instructions are here: link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12650-016-0383-5

The standard theory of quantum mechanics leaves ...

Why Metals Spontaneously Fuse Together In Space

Title: Why Metals Spontaneously Fuse Together In Space
Runtime: 6:53
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: In space, metals can weld together without heat or melting.
Check out Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

Written by Joh Howes and Derek Muller

Yes, it's pronounced Gemini (ee not eye) because that's the way everyone pronounced this mission.

Thanks to Patreon supporters:
Bryan Baker, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Saeed Alghamdi

References:
Gemini IV transcripts: http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/mission_trans/gemini4.htm

Gemini IV recordings:
https://archive.org/details/Gemini4 (relevant clip is 1297 at about 2:00)

ESA cold welding recommendations:
esmat.esa.int/Publications/Published_papers/STM-279.pdf

Cold welding gold nanowire:
http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v5/n3/full/nnano.2010.4.html

Music by Kevin MacLeod "Intrepid" http://www.incompetech.com

How the Quantum Vacuum Gave Rise to Galaxies

Title: How the Quantum Vacuum Gave Rise to Galaxies
Runtime: 5:31
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: All the large-scale structure in the universe may owe its existence to nothing.
Sponsored by the Dyson 360 Eye Robot #ad: http://bit.ly/2cGqBRV
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

Thanks to Patreon supporters:
Bryan Baker, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Saeed Alghamdi

Let's see how clearly I can explain this. We think of empty space as, well... empty, the epitome of nothingness. But as our understanding of physics has evolved we have realized that it's not truly empty. Space is filled with fields. There is a field for every subatomic particle. One for electrons, up quarks, down quarks, neutrinos and so on. In empty space these fields are basically zero, flat, nil. But it's impossible to make them perfectly zero so there are always some quantum fluctuations in the fields, even in a perfect vacuum. These are sometimes called virtual particles but they should really just be thought of as little disturbances in the field. Vacuum fl...

The Best and Worst Prediction in Science

Title: The Best and Worst Prediction in Science
Runtime: 8:43
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: The best and worst predictions in science are both based on the same underlying physics
Check out the Great Courses Plus: http://ow.ly/cePe303oKDM
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

Special thanks to:
Prof. Sean Carroll
Prof. Brian Schmidt
Prof. Stephen Bartlett
Prof. Geraint Lewis

More on this topic: http://wke.lt/w/s/XDkwi

Patreon supporters:
Bryan Baker, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Jason Buster, Saeed Alghamdi, Nathan Hansen

Virtual particles are a way of talking about fields and their interactions as though particles are doing all the work. This is why there is some controversy around using the term 'virtual particles'. Some people think the term is useful, especially since in calculating with Feynman diagrams you draw all the particle interactions that are possible (and then do the calculations to get the right answer). While others feel this terminology is misleading b...

Title: Is Most Published Research Wrong?
Runtime: 12:22
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: Mounting evidence suggests a lot of published research is false.
Check out Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon

Patreon supporters:
Bryan Baker, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Jason Buster, Saeed Alghamdi

More information on this topic: http://wke.lt/w/s/z0wmO

The Preregistration Challenge: https://cos.io/prereg/

Resources used in the making of this video:

Why Most Published Research Findings Are False:
http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124

Trouble at the Lab:
http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21588057-scientists-think-science-self-correcting-alarming-degree-it-not-trouble

Science isn't broken:
http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/science-isnt-broken/#part1

Visual effects by Gustavo Rosa

Title: The Illusion of Truth
Runtime: 8:25
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: If you repeat something enough times, it comes to feel good and true.
Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon
Science with Hot Wheels! My vids for kids: http://bit.ly/VeHotWheels
More info on cognitive ease: http://bit.ly/29OMGas

This episode was inspired by the book Thinking Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahneman.

This video was edited by Daniel Joseph Files, with music from Kevin MacLeod at http://incompetech.com "Marty Gots a Plan" "Sing Along With Jim" and "Full On".

Veritasium is supported on Patreon by:
Jason Buster, Saeed Alghamdi, Tony Fadell, Donal Botkin, Bryan Baker, & Imthetroublesolver 8)

Title: Stringless Yo-Yo!
Runtime: 4:52
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: How can you Yo-Yo without the string attached?
Check out Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
For more Ben Conde: http://bit.ly/VeBenConde
For Beyond Slow Motion: http://bit.ly/VeBeyondSlowMo

For more on yo-yos check out: http://bit.ly/290wR3a

How to yo-yo without a string attached... So many crazy tricks and the science that makes it possible.

Edited and animated by Daniel Joseph Files

Celsius Made His Thermometer Upside Down

Title: Celsius Made His Thermometer Upside Down
Runtime: 8:12
Date posted: 10 years ago
Description: Celsius never devised nor used the scale that now bears his name.

Veritasium is now on Patreon: http://patreon.com/veritasium

Special thanks to Michael Stevens of Vsauce! http://youtube.com/vsauce1

More info about Celsius and temperature scales: http://wke.lt/w/s/2I6Nu

References for this video:

A History of the Thermometer and its uses in Meteorology by W. E. Knowles Middleton

Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold by Tom Shachtman

The Science of Measurement, A Historical Survey by Herbert Arthur Klein

Lehrbuch der Chemie by Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Special Thanks to the Uppsala University Museum
I filmed this in Uppsala in the summer of 2012! So I've been thinking about this idea for a very long time. I'm glad to finally have it out there in the world.

Title: Inside the Svalbard Seed Vault
Runtime: 9:17
Date posted: 11 years ago
Description: A rare look inside the Svalbard Global Seed Vault which is closed ~350 days a year
Check out Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
More info on the seed vault: http://wke.lt/w/s/EKFlK
My trip to Norway was funded by Screen Australia, Film Victoria and Genepool Productions as part of a new project. More information soon.

Special thanks to Bente Naeverdal and the Crop Trust: https://www.croptrust.org

Svalbard - The Northernmost Town on Earth

Title: Svalbard - The Northernmost Town on Earth
Runtime: 8:49
Date posted: 11 years ago
Description: Longyearbyen on Svalbard is the northernmost settlement with over 1000 residents
My trip to Norway was funded by Screen Australia, Film Victoria and Genepool Productions as part of a new project. More information soon.

More info on Svalbard: http://wke.lt/w/s/yiYNC

Music licensed from www.cuesongs.com "After Catalunya"
Spotify page: https://play.spotify.com/artist/2JnQ2AxkaRjlGCNmfkHiJd
iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/gb/artist/emphemetry/id414183064

Captions:
Come take a walk with me around Longyearbyen, the largest town on the Norwegian islands of Svalbard.

Parts of it look familiar, but make no mistake, this place is different.

At 78 degrees North, it lies just 800 miles or 1300 kilometres from the North Pole. And with over 2,000 permanent inhabitants it is the Northernmost real town on Earth.

There are only 50km of road, including the small streets between houses, so people get a...

Science of Laser Hair Removal in SLOW MOTION

Title: Science of Laser Hair Removal in SLOW MOTION
Runtime: 8:22
Date posted: 11 years ago
Description: We also made a video about laser cooling! http://bit.ly/PhysGirl
Check out Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
Check out Beyond Slow Motion: http://bit.ly/VeBeyondSlowMo
More on this topic: http://wke.lt/w/s/ef3eV

Special thanks to Laser Away in Santa Monica for helping make this happen - your staff was awesome! http://bit.ly/VeLaserAway

Research and filming by Raquel Nuno and Aaron White.

Title: Why Anecdotes Trump Data
Runtime: 8:46
Date posted: 11 years ago
Description: A story is worth a thousand data points.
My second channel: http://bit.ly/2veritasium
More info on this topic: http://wke.lt/w/s/TzNC0

Title: These Liquids Look Alive!
Runtime: 5:17
Date posted: 11 years ago
Description: Why do droplets of food coloring attract, repel, and chase each other?
Snatoms molecular models: http://igg.me/at/snatoms
More about this topic: http://wke.lt/w/s/VRjRQ

Original paper on droplets: http://stanford.edu/~manup/docs/Cira_DancingDroplets.pdf
Marangoni Flow: http://web.mit.edu/2.21/www/Lec-notes/Surfacetension/Lecture4.pdf
Surface Energy: https://itf.fys.kuleuven.be/~joi/papers/Wetting%20and%20spreading.pdf

Filming and master pipetting by Raquel Nuno
Research and writing by Aaron White

Title: What Exactly is the Present?
Runtime: 7:53
Date posted: 11 years ago
Description: What is the specious present? And how do our brains perceive time?
Get a 30-day free trial on Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
More info about this topic: http://wke.lt/w/s/z8TeR

Title: Why Life Seems to Speed Up as We Age
Runtime: 7:41
Date posted: 11 years ago
Description: Why does time appear to speed up as we get older? Can we slow it down?
Thanks to the National Geographic Channel for sponsoring this video!
The new season of Brain Games starts Sunday, February 14th at 9/8c - http://po.st/90S7Ow

Brain Games is an Emmy-nominated TV series that explores the inner workings of the human mind through experiments and interactive games. Did you know it's estimated that you have more than a dozen senses in addition to the standard five? One of those is a sense of time or chronoception. Tune in to the new season of Brain Games to learn about all of your senses, and more, starting Sunday, February 14 at 9/8c

References:

Ageing and duration judgement:
http://bit.ly/1TRN0cr

Nerve conduction velocity slowing with age:
http://bit.ly/23Wq6oE

Experiments with rats suggest time perception is distributed across brain:
http://bit.ly/1T6IjdO

Time perception with ...

Title: How Long Will You Live?
Runtime: 6:26
Date posted: 11 years ago
Description: Cell biology gives clues to why we age and lobsters don't.
I made another video! The future of energy: http://bit.ly/1MAiJKm
Check out Breakthrough, Sundays at 9/8c on Nat Geo with GE #ad

Animations are from Emmy-winning film 'Immortal', reproduced here courtesy of December Media and Genepool Productions (previously Pemberton Films)

Check out Immortal here: http://bit.ly/VeImmortal

Find out more about telomeres and telomerase here: http://bit.ly/WakeTelomeres

Special thanks to Dr. Fiona Ginty, Principal Scientist in the Life Sciences and Molecular Diagnostics Group at GE. Her research focuses on imaging different proteins within the cell. It's both a very powerful technique and it's beautiful.

Filmed by Raquel Nuno and Vasilios Sfinarolakis
Aging makeup by Heather Grippaldi: http://bit.ly/1Xebikh
Music by Kevin MacLeod, www.incompetech.com "Past the Edge" and "Lightless Dawn"

Snatoms! The Magnetic Molecular Modeling Kit

Title: Snatoms! The Magnetic Molecular Modeling Kit
Runtime: 3:26
Date posted: 11 years ago
Description: I've created an educational product to help people learn chemistry!
You can buy it here: http://www.snatoms.com

The Brightest Part of a Shadow is in the Middle

Title: The Brightest Part of a Shadow is in the Middle
Runtime: 7:20
Date posted: 11 years ago
Description: Why is there a bright spot behind spherical objects?
Be the first to find out about new projects: http://www.veritasium.com

Filmed by Nathan Watkins and Raquel Nuno, animation by Meg Rosenburg. Music by Kevin MacLeod, http://www.incompetech.com 'Scissors' 'Mirage' ' Marty Gots a Plan'. Special thanks to Laura Vican for helping with the experiment.

References:
http://www.princeton.edu/~rvdb/images/Questar/PoissonSpot.html
Why Toast Lands Jelly-side Down: Zen and the Art of Physics Demonstrations By Robert Ehrlich

Title: Is Glass a Liquid?
Runtime: 7:02
Date posted: 11 years ago
Description: Stained glass is thicker at the bottom - so is it a liquid? Earth's mantle enables plate tectonics, so is it a liquid?
Check out Audible: http://bit.ly/AudibleVe
Sign up for the mailing list: http://www.veritasium.com
Pitch drop experiment: http://www.thetenthwatch.com

Thanks to Meg Rosenburg for scripting and animation, Raquel Nuno for filming and Aaron White for script consultation.

The Science of Six Degrees of Separation

Title: The Science of Six Degrees of Separation
Runtime: 9:23
Date posted: 11 years ago
Description: Are all people on Earth really connected through just six steps?
There's much more science in this than I initially expected. It turns out ordered networks with a small degree of randomness become small-work networks. This is why your acquaintances turn out to be more important in job searches and finding new opportunities than close friends.

DON'T SEND ME AN EMAIL anymore...
1. Do not send it directly to me unless you know me.
2. Send the email to someone you have met IN PERSON and know on a first name basis AND THEY KNOW YOU.
3. Make the subject line 'Six Degrees of Veritasium'
4. Explain that you're trying to get this email to me and ask them to forward it on to me (only if they know me IRL) or someone they know who might know me.
5. If your email reaches me by Sept. 1, 2015 I will email you back and ask for your address so I can send you a postcard.

Animations in this video by The Lyosacks: https://www.youtube.com/user/T...

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