Veritasium

Title: The Genius of 3D Printed Rockets
Runtime: 19:58
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: 3D printed rockets save on up front tooling, enable rapid iteration, decrease part count, and facilitate radically new designs. For your chance to win 2 seats on one of the first Virgin Galactic flights to Space and support a great cause, go to https://www.omaze.com/veritasium

Thanks to Tim Ellis and everyone at Relativity Space for the tour!
https://www.relativityspace.com/
https://youtube.com/c/RelativitySpace

Special thanks to Scott Manley for the interview and advising on aerospace engineering.
Check out his channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/szyzyg

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References:
Benson, T. (2021). Rocket Parts. NASA. — https://ve42.co/RocketParts

Boen, B. (2009). Winter Wonder: Rocket Icicles. NASA. — https://ve42.co/EngineIcicles

Hall, N. (2021). Rocket Thrust Equation. NASA. — https://ve42.co/RocketEqn

...

The Simplest Math Problem No One Can Solve - Collatz Conjecture

Title: The Simplest Math Problem No One Can Solve - Collatz Conjecture
Runtime: 22:09
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: The Collatz Conjecture is the simplest math problem no one can solve — it is easy enough for almost anyone to understand but notoriously difficult to solve. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.

Special thanks to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for introducing us to this topic, filming the interview, and consulting on the script and earlier drafts of this video.

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References:
Lagarias, J. C. (2006). The 3x+ 1 problem: An annotated bibliography, II (2000-2009). arXiv preprint math/0608208. — https://ve42.co/Lagarias2006

Lagarias, J. C. (2003). The 3x+ 1 problem: An annotated bibliography (1963–1999). The ultimate challenge: the 3x, 1, 267-341. — https://ve42.co/Lagarias2003

Tao, T (2020). The Notorious Collatz Conjecture — https://ve42.co/Tao20...

Why You Should Want Driverless Cars On Roads Now

Title: Why You Should Want Driverless Cars On Roads Now
Runtime: 18:08
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: How close are we to having fully autonomous vehicles on the roads? Are they safe? In Chandler, Arizona a fleet of Waymo vehicles are already in operation. Waymo sponsored this video and provided access to their technology and personnel. Check out their safety report here: https://waymo.com/safety/

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References:

Waymo Safety Reports — https://waymo.com/safety/

Driving Statistics — https://ve42.co/DrivingStats

The Real Moral Dilemma of Self-Driving Cars https://ve42.co/SelfDriving

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Alvaro naranjo, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Mike Tung, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Ismail Öncü Usta, Paul Peijzel, Crated Comments, Anna, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, Oleksii Leonov, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell, Ludovic Robil...

How a slinky falls in slow motion #shorts

Title: How a slinky falls in slow motion #shorts
Runtime: 0:42
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: This is not just true of slinkies - if you release a steel rod from the top, the top really starts falling before the bottom. If you hit a tennis ball with a racket, a wave has to travel from the strings to your hand before you feel it - and the ball is well on its way to the net by this time. If you hit a golf ball, the ball is well on its way to the hole before you can feel it. Rigid bodies aren't truly rigid and understanding this is essential to understanding the way the world works

Title: The Biggest Myth In Education
Runtime: 14:27
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: You are not a visual learner — learning styles are a stubborn myth. Part of this video is sponsored by Google Search.

Special thanks to Prof. Daniel Willingham for the interview and being part of this video.
Special thanks to Dr Helen Georigou for reviewing the script and helping with the scientific literature.
Special thanks to Jennifer Borgioli Binis for consulting on the script.
MinutePhysics video on a better way to picture atoms -- https://ve42.co/Atom

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References:

Pashler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2008). Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Psychological science in the public interest, 9(3), 105-119. — https://ve42.co/Pashler2008

Willingham, D. T., Hughes, E. M., & Dobolyi, D. G. (2015). The scientific status of learning styles theories. Teaching of Psychology, 42(3), 266-271. — https://ve42.co/Willin...

Title: A Physics Prof Bet Me $10,000 I'm Wrong
Runtime: 17:56
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: A UCLA Physics Professor bet me $10,000 that my video about going downwind faster than the wind was wrong. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.

For more information about the Veritasium Science Communication Contest check out -- https://ve42.co/contest

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The wager agreement: https://ve42.co/wager

Prof. Kusenko's slides: https://ve42.co/Kusenko

My rebuttal: https://ve42.co/rebuttal
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Huge thanks to Xyla Foxlin for building the model cart, and making the instructions so accessible to the public. Check out Xyla's video -- https://youtu.be/VUgajGv4Aok

A massive thanks to Bill Nye, Neil DeGrasse Tyson, and Sean Carroll for witnessing the signing of t...

The Longest-Running Evolution Experiment

Title: The Longest-Running Evolution Experiment
Runtime: 17:17
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: If you ran evolution all over again, would you get humans? How repeatable is #evolution? This video is sponsored by @BountyBrand. #biology #science #QPU #HygieneBeginswithBounty #BountyPartner

Special thanks to Prof. Richard Lenski and team for showing me around the lab — it is an honor to be able to witness and document such a historic science experiment.
Thanks to Dr Zachary Blount for the help with research and setting up the competition time-lapse, Dr Nkrumah Grant for microscope images of the long-term line cells @NkrumahGrant
Devin Lake, Kate Bellgowan, and Dr. Minako Izutsu for being part of this video. Long Live the LTEE!

LTEE website — http://myxo.css.msu.edu/ecoli/index.html
Intro footage courtesy of the Kishony Lab — https://kishony.technion.ac.il
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References:
Lenski, R. E., & Travisano, M. (1994). Dynamics of adaptation and dive...

Risking My Life To Settle A Physics Debate

Title: Risking My Life To Settle A Physics Debate
Runtime: 21:38
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: Even some physics professors say this craft breaks the laws of physics. This video is sponsored by Kiwico, For 50% off your first month of any subscription crate from KiwiCo (available in 40 countries!) head to https://www.kiwico.com/Veritasium50

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A HUGE thanks to Rick and Neil for letting me drive Blackbird. Check out Rick's YouTube Channel for more in depth videos and explanations on going faster than the wind downwind -- https://ve42.co/Rick

Gene Nagata made the shoot possible. If you’re a video nerd like me, check out his channel, Potato Jet: https://www.youtube.com/c/PotatoJet/featured.

Xyla Foxlin for made the model cart used in this video. Xyla builds amazing things like rockets and canoes, check it out! https://www.youtube.com/c/xylafoxlin/

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References<...

Title: Math's Fundamental Flaw
Runtime: 34:00
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: Not everything that is true can be proven. This discovery transformed infinity, changed the course of a world war and led to the modern computer. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.

Special thanks to Prof. Asaf Karagila for consultation on set theory and specific rewrites, to Prof. Alex Kontorovich for reviews of earlier drafts, Prof. Toby ‘Qubit’ Cubitt for the help with the spectral gap, to Henry Reich for the helpful feedback and comments on the video.

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References:

Dunham, W. (2013, July). A Note on the Origin of the Twin Prime Conjecture. In Notices of the International Congress of Chinese Mathematicians (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 63-65). International Press of Boston. — https://ve42.co/Dunham2013

Conway, J. (1970). The game of life. Scienti...

Title: How An Infinite Hotel Ran Out Of Room
Runtime: 6:07
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: If there's a hotel with infinite rooms, could it ever be completely full? Could you run out of space to put everyone? The surprising answer is yes -- this is important to know if you're the manager of the Hilbert Hotel.

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References: Ewald, W., & Sieg, W. (2013). David Hilbert's Lectures on the Foundations of Arithmetic and Logic 1917-1933. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. -- https://ve42.co/Ewald2013

Gamow, G. (1988). One, two, three--infinity: facts and speculations of science. Courier Corporation. -- https://ve42.co/Gamow1947

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Paul Peijzel, Crated Comments, Anna, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, Oleksii Leonov, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell, Ludovic Robillard, jim buckmaster, fanime96, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Su...

This Unstoppable Robot Could Save Your Life

Title: This Unstoppable Robot Could Save Your Life
Runtime: 14:30
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: This robot has applications to archaeology, space exploration, and search and rescue — with a simple elegant design inspired by a plant. Sign up to Morning Brew for free today: https://ve42.co/mb

Make your own Vine Robot! — https://www.vinerobots.org
Special thanks to A/Prof. Elliot Hawkes, Nicholas Naclerio, Margaret Coad, David Haggerty for appearing in this video and showing off your amazing robots. For more info on vine (and other types of) robots check out https://ve42.co/HawkesLab, and https://ve42.co/CHARM

Research at UCSB supported in part by the National Science Foundation grant 1944816, by an Early Career Faculty grant from NASA’s Space Technology Research Grants Program, and by the Packard Foundation.

B-roll footage of robots from the supplementary materials of (Hawkes et al., 2017) https://ve42.co/VineVideos, and from Stanford University https://ve42.co/StanfordVideo

Additional info on the intubation vine robot...

The Surprising Secret of Synchronization

Title: The Surprising Secret of Synchronization
Runtime: 19:29
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: How does order spontaneously arise out of chaos? This video is sponsored by Kiwico — go to https://www.kiwico.com/Veritasium50 for 50% off your first month of any crate.

An enormous thanks to Prof. Steven Strogatz — this video would not have been possible without him. Much of the script-writing was inspired and informed by his wonderful book Sync, and his 2004 TED talk. He is a giant in this field, and has literally written the book on chaos, complexity, and synchronization. It was hard to find a paper in this field that Steven (or one of his students) didn't contribute to. His Podcast "The Joy of X" is wonderful — please listen and subscribe wherever you get your podcasts https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/the-joy-of-x

Nicky Case's Amazing Firefly Interactive — https://ncase.me/fireflies

Great Kuramoto Model Interactive — https://www.complexity-explorables.org/explorables/ride-my-kuramotocycle

References:

Stro...

Title: This is why we can't have nice things
Runtime: 17:30
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: This video is about stuff: light bulbs, printers, phones and why they aren't better. Go to https://NordVPN.com/veritasium and use code VERITASIUM to get a 2-year plan plus 1 additional month with a huge discount. It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee!

References:
The Man in the White Suit — https://ve42.co/Suit

London, B. (1932). Ending the depression through planned obsolescence. — https://ve42.co/London32

Slade, G. (2009). Made to break: Technology and obsolescence in America. Harvard University Press — https://ve42.co/madetobreak

Krajewski, M. (2014). The great lightbulb conspiracy. IEEE spectrum, 51(10), 56-61. — https://ve42.co/Phoebus

Planet Money, The Phoebus Cartel - https://ve42.co/PMobs

The Light Bulb Conspiracy - https://youtu.be/e9xmn228HM0

Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Mac Malkawi, Oleksii Leonov, Michael Schneider, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell...

Title: The Discovery That Transformed Pi
Runtime: 18:40
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: For thousands of years, mathematicians were calculating Pi the obvious but numerically inefficient way. Then Newton came along and changed the game. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 314 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.

Happy Pi Day!

References:
Arndt, J., & Haenel, C. (2001). Pi-unleashed. Springer Science & Business Media — https://ve42.co/Arndt2001

Dunham, W. (1990). Journey through genius: The great theorems of mathematics. Wiley — https://ve42.co/Dunham1990

Borwein, J. M. (2014). The Life of π: From Archimedes to ENIAC and Beyond. In From Alexandria, Through Baghdad (pp. 531-561). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg — https://ve42.co/Borwein2012

Special thanks to Alex Kontorovich, Professor of Mathematics at Rutgers University, and Distinguished Visiting Professor for the Public Dissemination of Mathematics National Museum of Mathematics M...

Title: Why Robots That Bend Are Better
Runtime: 10:35
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: Robots of the future may be softer, squishier and bendier than robots today. This could make them ideal for space exploration. Check out http://kiwico.com/Veritasium50 for 50% off your first month of any subscription!

On Thursday February 18th, 2021 the NASA Perseverance Rover will land on Mars. It is a wonderful robot, made out of steel and wire — but will future robots look like Perseverance? There is an emerging field of research on "soft robots", where the machines are flexible. These soft robots have many advantages over traditional robots — they're safer, lighter, more flexible and can change their shape and size.

NASA is investigating the use of soft robots for space missions. For future visits to Enceladus or Europa, a lander could cut a hole in the ice and then insert a compliant robot through the hole. This robot could then grow and change shape on the other side.

References:
N. S. Usevitch, Z. M. Hammond, M. Schwager, A. M. O...

I Asked Bill Gates What's The Next Crisis?

Title: I Asked Bill Gates What's The Next Crisis?
Runtime: 13:14
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: I got the chance to interview Bill Gates so I asked him: Will Covid-19 be the last pandemic? How does he deal with misinformation and conspiracy theories? And what is the next disaster? The Foundation Letter is here: https://ve42.co/BG21

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
Ludovic Robillard, jim buckmaster, Robert, fanime96, Marc Forand, Juan Benet, Robert Blum, Grace O'Maille KRON x Arc iOS, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Lyvann Ferrusca, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Pindex , Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

Thanks to Petr Lebedev for the thumbnail, early edits and Jonny Hyman for feedback

The Explosive Element That Changed The World

Title: The Explosive Element That Changed The World
Runtime: 19:25
Date posted: 5 years ago
Description: What are these electric blue ponds in the middle of the Utah desert? And why do they keep changing color?

Join Derek Muller (Veritasium) as he looks into the weird, bizarre, and seemingly inexplicable images found on Google Earth to discover what on Earth they actually are. It’s a travel vlog, documentary, and science show wrapped into one. It’s Pindrop.

0:00 Intro
0:29 Electric Blue Ponds
2:13 Finding The Truth
5:47 Importance Of Potash
8:41 Potash From Rocks
14:04 Safer Ways To Mine
15:02 Droning
17:28 Potash The Savior

Title: Q&A + Giveaway for 10 Years on YouTube
Runtime: 13:00
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: Thank you so much for an amazing 10 years! The giveaway is now closed. Spanish channel: https://ve42.co/VeEs Arabic channel: https://ve42.co/VeAr

Thanks to Vorso for the spinning tops https://www.vorsospin.com

Huge Thanks to Patreon Supporters:
Ludovic Robillard, John Bauer, james, jim buckmaster, Robert, fanime96, Marc Forand, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Grace O'Maille KRON x Arc iOS, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Lyvann Ferrusca, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Laura Sanborn, Pindex , Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

I also want to say a massive thanks to all my EDUtuber colleagues. Meeting and making great friends over the last decade has been one of the best things about this career.

Title: The Illusion Only Some People Can See
Runtime: 16:57
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: Ames window illusion illustrates how we don't directly perceive external reality. Special Holiday deal! Go to https://NordVPN.com/veritasium and use code VERITASIUM to get 68% off a 2 year plan plus 4 additional months free. It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee!

Special thanks to:
Prof. Phil Kellman from UCLA Psychology https://kellmanlab.psych.ucla.edu
Museum of Illusions in Los Angeles for the use of their Ames Room https://laillusions.com
Curiosity Show - Video on Ames Illusion: https://youtu.be/DkVOIJAaWO0

References:
Ames, A., Jr. (1951). Visual perception and the rotating trapezoidal window. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 65(7), i–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093600

Marcel de Heer & Thomas V. Papathomas (2017) The Ames Window Illusion and Its Variations
DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0014

Oross, Stephen, Francis, Ellie, Mauk, Deborah & Fox, Robert. ...

Title: These are the asteroids to worry about
Runtime: 20:06
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: Stephen Hawking thought an asteroid impact posed the greatest threat to life on Earth. Thanks to Kiwico for sponsoring this video. For 50% off your first month of any crate, go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium50
For other potential world ending catastrophes, check out Domain of Science: https://ve42.co/DoS

In 2025, we launched the Elements of Truth game on Kickstarter and were thrilled by the response. We’re now in the final stages of production, with Kickstarter rewards shipping soon. If you missed the campaign, you can now pre-order the retail edition through our new website here - https://ve42.co/asteroids

Special thanks to:
Prof. Dave Jewitt from UCLA Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences
Prof. Mark Boslough from Sandia National Labs
Scott Manley: https://www.youtube.com/user/szyzyg
Ryan Wyatt at Morrison Planetarium
Prof. Amy Mainzer
Alexandr Ivanov for the opening shot of Chelyabinsk Meteor

Maps of...

Why No One Has Measured The Speed Of Light

Title: Why No One Has Measured The Speed Of Light
Runtime: 19:05
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: Physics students learn the speed of light, c, is the same for all inertial observers but no one has ever actually measured it in one direction. Thanks to Kiwico for sponsoring this video. For 50% off your first month of any crate, go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium50

Huge thanks to Destin from Smarter Every Day for always being open and willing to engage in new ideas. If you haven't subscribed already, what are you waiting for: https://ve42.co/SED

For an overview of the one-way speed of light check out the wiki page: https://ve42.co/wiki1way

The script was written in consultation with subject matter experts:
Prof. Geraint Lewis, University of Sydney https://ve42.co/gfl
Prof. Emeritus Allen Janis, University of Pittsburgh
Prof. Clifford M. Will, University of Florida https://ve42.co/cmw
The stuff that's correct is theirs. Any errors are mine.

References:
Einstein, A. (1905). On the electrodynamics of movi...

What Actually Expands In An Expanding Universe?

Title: What Actually Expands In An Expanding Universe?
Runtime: 12:28
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: As the universe expands, #expanding #space is said to "stretch" photons. But if it stretches photons, does it also stretch molecules, galaxies and you? A portion of this video was sponsored by Salesforce. Go to https://salesforce.com/veritasium to learn more.

Special thanks to Geraint Lewis - this video was based on his paper "On the relativity of redshifts"
https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.08634
Check out his YouTube channel: https://ve42.co/gfl and books: https://ve42.co/GFLbooks

References:
Expanding Space: the Root of all Evil?
Matthew J. Francis, Luke A. Barnes, J. Berian James, Geraint F. Lewis
https://arxiv.org/abs/0707.0380

Editing and VFX by Trenton Oliver
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci

Music from https://epidemicsound.com

#SMB #smallbiz #startups #SalesforceEssentials

Title: How One Supernova Measured The Universe
Runtime: 13:42
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: In 2015 astronomers successfully predicted the appearance of a supernova within a couple weeks. How did they do it? Win your Ultimate Tech Bundle by entering Fasthosts’ Techie Test here: https://fasthosts.com/veritasium (Competition now closed) This video was sponsored by Fasthosts.

Special thanks to Geraint Lewis for consulting on gravitational lensing. Check out his YouTube channel: https://ve42.co/gfl and books: https://ve42.co/GFLbooks

The supernova image in the thumbnail is from my documentary, Uranium: Twisting The Dragon's Tail. Check it out here: https://genepoolproductions.com/uranium-project

References:
DEJA VU ALL OVER AGAIN: THE REAPPEARANCE OF SUPERNOVA REFSDAL
P. L. Kelly et al. https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.04654

Predicted properties of multiple images of the strongly lensed supernova SN Refsdal
Masamune Oguri. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Volume 449, Issue 1, 01 May 2015...

Title: What Everyone Gets Wrong About Gravity
Runtime: 17:34
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: The General Theory of Relativity tells us gravity is not a force, gravitational fields don't exist. Objects tend to move on straight paths through curved spacetime. Thanks to Caséta by Lutron for sponsoring this video. Find out more at: https://www.lutron.com/veritasium

Huge thanks to Prof. Geraint Lewis for hours of consulting on this video so I could get these ideas straight in my own brain. Check out his YouTube channel: https://ve42.co/gfl or his books: https://ve42.co/GFLbooks

Amazing VFX, compositing, and editing by Jonny Hyman
2D animations by Ivy Tello
Filmed by Steven Warren and Raquel Nuno
Special thanks to Petr Lebedev for reviews and script consultation
Music by Jonny Hyman and from Epidemic Sound https://epidemicsound.com

Rocket made by Goodnight and Co.
Screen images in rocket by Geoff Barrett

Slow motion rocket exhaust footage from Joe Barnard at BPS.Space
https://www.youtube.com/cha...

Title: The Infinite Pattern That Never Repeats
Runtime: 21:12
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: Simple rules of geometry meant that 5-fold symmetry was impossible as were crystals without a periodic structure. This turns out to be wrong. Thanks to LastPass for sponsoring a portion of this video. Click here to start using LastPass: https://ve42.co/LPs

Huge thanks to Prof. Paul Steinhardt for the interview on this topic. Check out his book ‘The Second Kind of Impossible’

If you'd like to learn more about Penrose tilings, go check out "Penrose Tiles to Trapdoor Ciphers" by Martin Gardener, which helped my research for this video.

Filmed by Gene Nagata (Potato Jet on YouTube)
Animations by Ivy Tello and Jonny Hyman
Editing, Coloring, Music & Audio mastering by Jonny Hyman

Prague scenes filmed in 2012.
Special thanks to Raquel Nuno for helping with the tilings!

Additional Music from Epidemic Sound

Title: How Kodak Exposed Nuclear Testing
Runtime: 13:20
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: Kodak detected the first atomic bomb before anyone else figured it out. Then they made a deal not to tell anyone. Thanks to HBO Max, and their new show raised by Wolves for sponsoring this video! https://rb.gy/alghwn

Thanks to Uranium: Twisting the Dragon's Tail for the opening clip: https://www.pbs.org/show/uranium-twisting-dragons-tail/

References:
Albuquerque Tribune Bulletin, July 16, 1945 – https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/documents/albuquerque-tribune-bulletin-16-july-1945/

Webb, J. H. (1949). The fogging of photographic film by radioactive contaminants in cardboard packaging materials. Physical Review, 76(3), 375.

Julian Webb at Oak Ridge – Snavely, B. B. (1989). Julian H. Webb. PhT, 42(7), 87.https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.2811100

Radium in watch dials – https://www.epa.gov/radtown/radioactivity-antiques

A 1958 video about how Kodak film is made, noting the ...

Title: Why Being Delusional is a Superpower
Runtime: 12:04
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: In a competitive world, tiny advantages can make all the difference. Get 10% off Snatoms with code 'giveluck' in the US: https://ve42.co/USA or International: https://snatoms.com
If you would like to receive Snatoms, submit the form here: https://ve42.co/getluck

Snatoms are also available on Amazon Prime in the US but with no discount code: https://ve42.co/Asnatoms

We have a tabletop game launching! Pledge your support now - https://ve42.co/KickStarterD

Huge thanks to Gene and Sam from Potato Jet for filming with me: https://ve42.co/potatojet

This video was inspired by and draws examples from the book "Success and Luck: Good Fortune and the Myth of Meritocracy" by Robert H. Frank

Special thanks to Patreon supporters (and to everyone who commented on an earlier version of this video):
Marc Forand, Robert Dickerson, Christian Stauffer, LoadTooSlow, Vincent, Lyvann Ferrusca, DALE HORNE, Alfred Wallace, Kevin Beav...

Title: Is Dust Mostly Dead Skin?
Runtime: 15:13
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: People claim that 70-80% of household dust is dead skin, but is it true?
Thanks to Google for sponsoring this video! Learn more about Search here: https://www.google.com/search/howsearchworks/

Special thanks to J.M.E.H van Bronswijk, author of 'House Dust Biology'. We exchanged emails to make sure I got my facts straight for this video. Below is an excerpt from her email to me, responding to my claims that start with a dash:

- Around half of airborne dust particles under 100um are skin scales
This is true for climates, regions and seasons where people live mostly indoors.
The 1 to 2 g of skin scales shed each 24 hours will end up in places where people are present (and rub their skin or have textile moving over the skin).
You can also look at it from a different angle: What else has the same size and could contribute? That will usually be pollen from outdoor sources, also depending on season, region and climate, as well as the ventilati...

Half the universe was missing... until now

Title: Half the universe was missing... until now
Runtime: 14:10
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: Half of the ordinary baryonic matter has been tough to find but Fast Radio Bursts made it possible to detect the WHIM. Thanks to Kiwico for sponsoring this video! For 20% off go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium or use code VERITASIUM at checkout.

Special thanks to Prof. Geraint Lewis https://ve42.co/gfl

Nature paper: A census of baryons in the Universe from localized fast radio bursts
https://ve42.co/whim

Research and Writing by Max Levy, Derek Muller and Jonny Hyman
Editing, Animations, Audio Mix & Mastering by Jonny Hyman
Filmed by Raquel Nuno
Thumbnail by Ignat Berbeci
Music from Epidemic Sound https://epidemicsound.com

Title: The Launch of Perseverance to Mars
Runtime: 3:35
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: This was a pretty extraordinary experience - thanks to NASA for inviting me! The Atlas V 541 rocket took off carrying the Perseverance rover and Ingenuity the Mars helicopter at 7:50 am July 30, 2020. They should arrive in about seven months on February 18, 2021

Thumbnail by Fictionalhead https://www.youtube.com/fictionalhead

Turbulent Flow is MORE Awesome Than Laminar Flow

Title: Turbulent Flow is MORE Awesome Than Laminar Flow
Runtime: 18:32
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: Everyone loves laminar flow but turbulent flow is the real MVP.
A portion of this video was sponsored by Cottonelle. Purchase Cottonelle Flushable Wipes and try them for yourself: https://bit.ly/2WJm9Hq

Special thanks to:
Prof. Beverley McKeon and team https://www.mckeon.caltech.edu
Destin from Smarter Every Day https://www.youtube.com/smartereveryday
Nicole Sharp from FYFD https://ve42.co/fyfd
Pavol Dobryakov turbulent simulations: https://paveldogreat.github.io/WebGL-Fluid-Simulation/

I got into turbulent flow via chaos. The transition to turbulence sometimes involves a period doubling. Turbulence itself is chaotic motion, it is unpredictable and sensitively dependent on initial conditions. What surprised me is all the ways turbulent flow is useful to us. It is diffusive, meaning it causes mixing. This is useful in jet engines or rocket nozzles (which Destin studies) and is important to achieve in microfluidic devices, which ar...

Why Parallel Universes Are Probably Real

Title: Why Parallel Universes Are Probably Real
Runtime: 20:00
Date posted: 6 years ago
Description: The most elegant interpretation of quantum mechanics is the universe is constantly splitting
A portion of this video was sponsored by Norton. Get up to 60% off the first year (annually billed) here: https://bit.ly/32SM0yd or use promo code VERITASIUM

Special thanks to:
Prof. Sean Carroll https://www.preposterousuniverse.com
His book, a major source for this video is 'Something Deeply Hidden: Quantum Worlds and The Emergence of Spacetime'

Code for solving the Schrödinger equation by Jonny Hyman available here: https://github.com/jonnyhyman/QuantumWaves

I learned quantum mechanics the traditional 'Copenhagen Interpretation' way. We can use the Schrödinger equation to solve for and evolve wave functions. Then we invoke wave-particle duality, in essence things we detect as particles can behave as waves when they aren't interacting with anything. But when there is a measurement, the wave function collapses leaving us with a definite...

This equation will change how you see the world (the logistic map)

Title: This equation will change how you see the world (the logistic map)
Runtime: 18:39
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: The logistic map connects fluid convection, neuron firing, the Mandelbrot set and so much more. Fasthosts Techie Test competition is now closed! Learn more about Fasthosts here: https://www.fasthosts.co.uk/veritasium Code for interactives is available below...

Animations, coding, interactives in this video by Jonny Hyman 🙌
Try the code yourself: https://github.com/jonnyhyman/Chaos

References:
James Gleick, Chaos
Steven Strogatz, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos

May, R. Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature 261, 459–467 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1038/261459a0

Robert Shaw, The Dripping Faucet as a Model Chaotic System
https://archive.org/details/ShawRobertDrippingFaucetAsAModelChaoticSystem1984_201811/mode/2up

Crevier DW, Meister M. Synchronous period-doubling in flicker vision of salamander and man.
J Neurophysiol. 1998 Apr;79(4):1869-78.

Bing Jia, Hu...

Why New Years Resolutions Fail & How To Succeed

Title: Why New Years Resolutions Fail & How To Succeed
Runtime: 10:20
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: Common pitfalls of New Year's resolutions and how I plan to avoid them.
Thanks to Simone Giertz for sending me and Every Day Calendar!
Order here: https://everydaycalendar.co
Start listening with a 30-day trial and your first audiobook plus two Audible Originals free when you go to https://audible.com/veritasium or text veritasium to 500500.

Special thanks to Patreon Supporters:
Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Chuck Lauer Vose, Dale Horne, Jasper Xin, Joar Wandborg, Kevin Beavers, Leah Howard, Lyvann Ferrusca, Michael Krugman, Noel Braganza, Ron Neal, Tige Thorman

Title: How to Slow Aging (and even reverse it)
Runtime: 21:10
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: Scientists like Prof Sinclair have evidence of speeding up, slowing, and even reversing aging.
Thanks to LastPass for sponsoring this video. Click here to start using LastPass: https://ve42.co/VeLP

What causes aging? According to Professor David Sinclair, it is a loss of information in our epigenome, the system of proteins like histones and chemical markers like methylation that turn on and off genes. Epigenetics allow different cell types to perform their specific functions - they are what differentiate a brain cell from a skin cell. Our DNA is constantly getting broken, by cosmic rays, UV radiation, free radicals, x-rays and regular cell division etc. When our cells repair that damage, the epigenome is not perfectly reset. And hence over time, noise accumulates in our epigenome. Our cells no longer perform their functions well.

To counter this decline, we can activate the body's own defenses against aging by stressing the body. Eat less, eat less pro...

Chaos: The Science of the Butterfly Effect

Title: Chaos: The Science of the Butterfly Effect
Runtime: 12:51
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: Chaos theory means deterministic systems can be unpredictable. Thanks to LastPass for sponsoring this video. Click here to start using LastPass: https://ve42.co/VeLP
Animations by Prof. Robert Ghrist: https://ve42.co/Ghrist

Want to know more about chaos theory and non-linear dynamical systems? Check out: https://ve42.co/chaos-math

Butterfly footage courtesy of Phil Torres and The Jungle Diaries: https://ve42.co/monarch
Solar system, 3-body and printout animations by Jonny Hyman
Some animations made with Universe Sandbox: https://universesandbox.com/
Special thanks to Prof. Mason Porter at UCLA who I interviewed for this video.

I have long wanted to make a video about chaos, ever since reading James Gleick's fantastic book, Chaos. I hope this video gives an idea of phase space - a picture of dynamical systems in which each point completely represents the state of the system. For a pendulum, phase space is only 2-dimensional...

Title: 3 Perplexing Physics Problems
Runtime: 14:00
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: Why does shaken soda explode? Does ice melt first in fresh or salt water?
Thank you Squarespace for sponsoring this video. Go to https://squarespace.com to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain using code: VERITASIUM

This video features experiments that have been shown to me by science teachers over the years. Does ice melt fast in salt water or fresh water was an experiment introduced to me at the Utah Science Teachers' conference. The ring of metal over a chain demo came from a teachers event in Florida. The idea shaking a carbonated drink increases pressure came from an email.

Special thanks to Petr Lebedev for building the pressure gauge.

Links to literature are below:
Victims of the pop bottle, by Ted Willhoft. New Scientist, 21 August 1986 p.28

Carbonation speculation
The Physics Teacher 30, 173 (1992); https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2343501

Agitation solution
The Physics Teacher...

Title: Why Trees Are Out to Get You
Runtime: 10:08
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: Want to help plant 20M trees by 2020? Go to https://teamtrees.org #teamtrees
Huge thanks to all the YouTubers who organized this. My apologies for the repost.
These videos are from 2012 so my interest in trees goes back a long ways. I think these videos discuss two of the most interesting and amazing facts about our leafy friends: they are made mostly of CO2 (which comes from us breathing out amongst other sources) and they can transport water up a tube higher than any we can currently manufacture. So trees are out to get you. But we do much worse to them so we owe it to them to plant some more. 20 mil is a good start.

Title: Engineering with Origami
Runtime: 18:22
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: Origami is inspiring a plethora of new engineering designs. Try yourself: https://ve42.co/Origami
Thanks Audible! Start listening with a 30-day trial and your first audiobook, plus two Audible Originals free when you go to https://audible.com/veritasium or text veritasium to 500500

Huge thanks to:
Dr. Robert Lang https://langorigami.com
Prof. Larry Howell https://www.compliantmechanisms.byu.edu/

On first glance it's surprising that origami -- a centuries old art of folding paper to achieve particular aesthetics -- is applicable to engineering. But upon closer consideration there are a lot of reasons methods developed for paper folding are also applicable to engineering: origami allows you to take a flat sheet of material and convert it to almost any shape only by folding. Plus for large flat structures, origami provides a way of shrinking dimensions while ensuring simply deployment - this is particularly useful for solar arrays in space appl...

Title: The Bizarre Behavior of Rotating Bodies
Runtime: 14:49
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: Spinning objects have strange instabilities known as The Dzhanibekov Effect or Tennis Racket Theorem - this video offers an intuitive explanation.
Part of this video was sponsored by LastPass, click here to find out more: https://ve42.co/LP

References:
Prof. Terry Tao's Math Overflow Explanation: https://ve42.co/Tao

The Twisting Tennis Racket
Ashbaugh, M.S., Chicone, C.C. & Cushman, R.H. J Dyn Diff Equat (1991) 3: 67. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01049489

Janibekov’s effect and the laws of mechanics
Petrov, A.G. & Volodin, S.E. Dokl. Phys. (2013) 58: 349. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028335813080041

Tumbling Asteroids
Prave et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.021

The Exact Computation of the Free Rigid Body Motion and Its Use in Splitting Methods
SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 30(4), 2084–2112
E. Celledoni, F. Fassò, N. Säfström, and A. Zanna
https://doi.org/10.1137/0707...

Title: Does Planet 9 Exist?
Runtime: 16:20
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: A planet has been predicted to orbit the sun with a period of 10,000 years, a mass 5x that of Earth on a highly elliptical and inclined orbit. What evidence supports the existence of such a strange object at the edge of our solar system?

Huge thanks to:
Prof. Konstantin Batygin, Caltech
Prof. David Jewitt, UCLA

I had heard about Planet 9 for a long time but I wondered what sort of evidence could support the bold claim: a planet at the very limits of our ability to detect one, so far out that its period is over 60 times that of Neptune. The planet 9 hypothesis helps explain clustering of orbits of distant Kuiper belt objects. It also explains how some of these objects have highly inclined orbits - up to 90 degrees relative to the plane of the solar system. Some are orbiting in reverse. Plus their orbits are removed from the orbit of Neptune, the logical option for a body that could have ejected them out so far. The fact that the perihelion is so far...

Title: Flamethrower vs Aerogel
Runtime: 13:21
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: We put aerogel to the test vs 'not-a-flamethrower', a huge 2000°C flame to a large fiberglass blanket infused with silica aerogel - formerly the lightest solid (that title is now held by graphene aerogel).

Special thanks to:
Aerogel Technologies: https://ve42.co/aerogeltech
Aspen Aerogels: https://ve42.co/aspen
Ben: @BenScho999999
Dr. Stephen Steiner and the Aerogel Technologies team

The footage of aerogel materials in cold environments was provided courtesy of Aspen Aerogels. Their product, cryogel, was shown to be flexible in liquid nitrogen while preventing cold burns to the hand. They are the manufacturer of the blanket used in the main portion of this video.

This is the finale of my three-part series on aerogel. I'll put links to the other parts below:
World's Lightest Solid: https://youtu.be/AeJ9q45PfD0
I Waterproofed Myself With Aerogel: https://youtu.be/GcdB5bFwio4

Huge thanks to Patreon su...

Title: Making Liquid Nitrogen From Scratch!
Runtime: 13:43
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: I used a nitrogen membrane and Stirling cryocooler to liquefy nitrogen out of the air. For this video I partnered with Starbucks to celebrate their Nitro Cold Brew. Order one here: https://starbucks.app.link/derekmuller

Making liquid nitrogen is hard - in fact up until 150 years ago scientists doubted whether it was even possible to liquefy nitrogen. In 1823, At the royal institution in London, Michael Faraday first produced liquid chlorine, kind of accidentally by putting it under high pressure. He similarly liquefied ammonia.

Borrowing a mixture from Thilorier in France, a combination of dry ice, snow and ether, he reached a temperature of -110C. By 1845 he used this mixture plus a hand pump to pressurize gases to liquefy all the known gases except six, which included oxygen and nitrogen. These became known as the “permanent” gases.

A French Physicist Aimé compressed oxygen and nitrogen in tanks and then lowered them into the ocean over 1.6...

Mars Helicopter (before it went to Mars)

Title: Mars Helicopter (before it went to Mars)
Runtime: 16:01
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: The Mars Helicopter, Ingenuity aims to make the first powered flight on another planet when it takes off on Mars. It has now landed and safely checked in with the rover. It should detach and fly within the first 30-60 days of the mission. I learned a lot getting to visit the drone right before it was mounted on the rover at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.

How do you fly in 1% of Earth's atmosphere:
Have large rotors (they are 1.2m in diameter) and spin them very fast, around 2500 RPM (5x the speed of a helicopter on Earth).

Plus the aircraft has to be light:
The Mars helicopter weighs in at 1.8kg or around the same as a laptop. Every piece had to be stripped down for weight. Instead of using aerogel for insulation, the craft makes use of CO2 gaps between components. Even aerogel was too heavy!

One of the major challenges is surviving the Martian night:
Temperatures plunge to -80C to -100C so two thirds of the craft's ...

Title: Why the Future of Cars is Electric
Runtime: 5:40
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: Electric cars are now ready to take over thanks to advances in battery technology and their inherent benefits: torque, handling, maintenance. This video was sponsored by BMW: https://www.bmwusa.com/

Full disclosure: I drive an #electric #car. I think electric cars are the future, not mainly because they're better for the environment (which they are if you drive the car for any reasonable length of time) but because they are just better cars. The have better torque and acceleration, better handling, they're more efficient, quieter, they don't smell, they're cheaper to run and best of all you never have to visit a gas station - this appeals to me. I never have to worry about being low on gas because every morning my car is charged and ready to go - just like my phone and laptop. And if you're worried about range, don't. Almost all trips can already be done in an electric car with modest battery pack. And fast chargers along the way make it possible to do longer road trips if...

Why Apollo Astronauts Trained in Nuclear Bomb Craters

Title: Why Apollo Astronauts Trained in Nuclear Bomb Craters
Runtime: 13:08
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: Apollo astronauts trained in nuclear bomb craters at the Nevada National Security Site. But why?Thanks Audible! Start listening with a 30-day trial and your first audiobook plus two Audible Originals free when you go to http://audible.com/veritasium or text veritasium to 500500

I found this story fascinating because in a way a nuclear bomb crater is more like a meteorite impact site than an impact site itself. Consider: Barringer Crater was claimed to be a meteorite impact site but geologists dismissed it as a volcanic formation. It was only after studying nuclear bomb craters and the minerals found there that geologists concluded the energy and pressures that created Barringer Crater were too high to be from volcanic activity and therefore must have formed from a meteorite impact.

Special Thanks to:
Nevada National Security Site
The National Atomic Testing Museum
Jonny Hyman and Verse: https://youtu.be/7bUUGzi-AAY
Active Galactic for f...

Title: How Cod Saved the Vikings
Runtime: 9:12
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: The Vikings suffered many hardships living in the north of Europe: long, cold winters and importantly a lack of sunlight. Luckily, they had cod.
Check out Vitamania: https://ve42.co/cod

When making a video about vitamins I thought the story would mainly be about supplement pills, whether we should or shouldn't take them and how they're made. But what I found out is vitamins have a remarkable story that affects many more aspects of our lives. For example the Vikings needed a source of vitamin D to last the dark winter months and for their children to develop strong, healthy bones, avoiding rickets.

Special thanks to Patreon supporters:
a human, Albert Jachowicz-Brzeziński, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Brent Stewart, Chris Vargas, Chuck Lauer Vose, Clip Tree, Coale Shifflett, Colin Bellmore, DALE HORNE, Eric Velazquez, Fedor Indutny, Fran Rodriguez, James Wong, Jasper Xin, Joar Wandborg, Johnny, Jorge Angel Sandoval, June Kang, Kevin Beavers, ...

Title: I Waterproofed Myself With Aerogel!
Runtime: 12:22
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: Aerogel has extraordinary properties but it can be tough to work with. This video looks at modifying aerogels to take advantage of their unique characteristics.
Subscribe to Veritasium: https://ve42.co/sub

Huge thanks to Dr. Stephen Steiner and the crew at Aerogel Technologies. To find out more or buy your own aerogel sample, check out: http://www.aerogeltechnologies.com/

Thanks to Dr. Steven Jones and Dr. Mihail Petkov at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory

And thanks to FLIR for loaning us the awesome high definition thermal camera. The footage is amazing! https://www.flir.com

Aerogel’s extraordinary properties are due in large part to its structure. Aerogel is a solid but on the nanoscale it has a mesh or sponge-like structure. The struts of this structure are nanoscale, as are the pores at around 20nm across. This makes silica aerogel incredibly light (it was once the lightest solid but has now been superseded by graphene aer...

Title: Can You Swim in Shade Balls?
Runtime: 10:42
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: I bought 10,000 shade balls and tried to swim in them. They appear to act like a non-Newtonian fluid: rigid under high shear stress, but they flow like a liquid under low shear.
All the signed shade balls have now been mailed out - thanks for your support!

Receiving a shade ball:
1. Support Veritasium on any Patreon tier and enter your address https://ve42.co/patreon
2. In about a month I will send out signed shade balls
3. I will cover all shipping costs but if things get really crazy I will prioritize existing Patreon supporters and higher tiers

My sense was that swimming in shade balls would be difficult but still doable. This was roughly true for the single layer of shade balls. The shade balls slide past each other so they act like a liquid, albeit a viscous one owing to their significant inertia. It's much more intense exercise and it's also annoying to be bombarded with shade balls on all sides of your body, particularly your hea...

Title: World's Lightest Solid!
Runtime: 12:02
Date posted: 7 years ago
Description: Aerogels are the world's lightest (least dense) solids. They are also excellent thermal insulators and have been used in numerous Mars missions and the Stardust comet particle-return mission. The focus of this video is silica aerogels, though graphene aerogels are now technically the lightest.

At one point Dr. Steven Jones literally held the Guinness World Record for making the lightest aerogel and therefore lightest solid. If you're interested in learning more about aerogels, let me know in the comments as there is a potential trilogy in the works...

Huge thanks to Dr. Stephen Steiner and the crew at Aerogel Technologies. To find out more or buy your own aerogel sample, check out: http://www.aerogeltechnologies.com/

Thanks to Dr. Steven Jones and Dr. Mihail Petkov at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory

And thanks to FLIR for loaning us the awesome high definition thermal camera. The footage is amazing! https://www.flir.com

...

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