Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
How The Kremlin Is Hiding Putin | RFE/RL Exclusive
- Title
- How The Kremlin Is Hiding Putin | RFE/RL Exclusive
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- Where is Russian President Vladimir Putin? The Kremlin is hiding Putin’s real location carefully. But Systema, the investigative unit of RFE/RL’s Russian service, exposed Putin’s secret offices, looking at clues from door handles do wall seams. The Kremlin wants the public to believe Putin is mostly near Moscow, but he spends the majority of his time elsewhere, including a high-security secret house complex in Valdai.
#putin #kremlin
- Title
- Why Russians Are Losing Mobile Internet?
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- Russia is cutting off mobile Internet in some regions, and it could last until the war in Ukraine ends. Ulyanovsk is the first region to impose a permanent mobile Internet blackout.
Here's why.
#russia #russianews #mobileinternet #internet
- Title
- Iran's Water Crisis Got So Bad Tehran Might Have To Be Evacuated
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- Iran's water crisis: the country is feeling the impact of a drought that has lasted for more than five years. The president has warned that Tehran might have to be evacuated. Satellite images comparing last November to this one show lakes and reservoirs shrinking to a small fraction of their former size. Officials are implementing plans to ration water in Tehran, while some experts warn that mismanagement of resources has exacerbated the crisis.
#iran #irannews #irandrought
- Title
- Turkish Military Plane Crashes In Georgia
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- Turkey's defense ministry said a Turkish military cargo plane crashed in Georgia near the border with Azerbaijan on November 11.
The ministry said on X that the C-130 plane had taken off from Azerbaijan and was on its way back to Turkey carrying 20 people.
#turkey #planecrash #georgia #azerbaijan
- Title
- Ukraine’s Ground Drones On The Frontline | Ukraine Front Line Update
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- They work in places most soldiers can't reach -- areas as dangerous as Pokrovsk, on Ukraine’s eastern front.
These ground drones drive through fire delivering supplies, evacuating the wounded, and striking targets where tanks no longer go.
For the crews who build and control them, every mission is a test of survival -- for both people and machines.
#ukrainefrontline #ukrainenews #ukrainewar #ukrainerussiawar #russiaukrainewar #ukraine
- Title
- Battle For Pokrovsk. Ukraine Fighting For Every House Now | Ukraine Front Line Update
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- Intense fighting is raging in the battle for Pokrovsk, a key Ukrainian city in the Donetsk region. Russia claims to have taken more than 60 buildings as Ukrainian troops battle to hold the front line amid heavy assaults and drone strikes.
This video shows new battle footage and provides an update from the ground as Ukrainian forces defend against encirclement. Analysts say that while the situation is critical, the fall of Pokrovsk is not yet certain — and Ukraine continues to resist house-to-house.
#ukrainewar #pokrovsk #ukrainenews #russiaukrainewar #ukrainerussiawar
- Title
- 'Three Days On Foot': Escaping From The Frontline City
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- A 70-year-old woman walked for three days through shelling and drone attacks to escape from Myrnohrad to Dobropillya, two cities near the front lines in Ukraine's industrial Donetsk region.
Police evacuation teams known as the White Angels are trying to save the last residents trapped under constant Russian fire. Some agree to leave -- others choose to stay behind amid the ruins.
#donetsk #russiaukrainewar #ukrainewar #ukrainefrontline #ukrainenews
- Title
- Central Asian Leaders Seal Trade Deals At White House Summit
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- At a summit in Washington between the presidents of five Central Asian countries and US President Donald Trump, officials announced a slew of trade deals cementing US investment in the region. Trump also announced that Kazakhstan had agreed to join the Abraham Accords, a partnership aimed at normalizing ties between Israel and several Muslim-majority countries.
- Title
- Trump To Talk Rare Earth Minerals With Central Asian Leaders
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- Trump is set to meet Central Asian leaders on Thursday for talks that are likely to include discussions of rare earths minerals and other resources in the Central Asian nations. RFE/RL's Margot Buff is in Washington D.C.
- Title
- Situation 'Extremely Dangerous' In Pokrovsk As Ukraine Tries To Hold Key City
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- Pokrovsk has emerged as a key battleground in Russia’s push to capture what remains of the Ukrainian-controlled Donetsk region.
In an attempt to save the city, Ukraine sent in special forces.
#pokrovsk #frontline #ukrainefrontline #russiaukrainewar #ukrainewar #ukrainenews #ukrainerussiawar
- Title
- Russian Comic Con Shut Down By Police For Being "Satanic"
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- A Russian comic-con event called Necrocomicon in St. Petersburg was supposed to be a two-day celebration of horror, fantasy and comics... until the police shut it down after a Telegram channel associated with church activism labelled it "satanic."
#russianews #comiccon25 #russiacomiccon
- Title
- Iranians Protest After Man Who Burned Poster Of Supreme Leader Found Dead
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- The death of an Iranian man who burned a poster of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei in an online video has sparked protests in the country, with others now copying the gesture.
Omid Sarlak's death was called a suicide by authorities, but his father thinks he was murdered. Sarlak's funeral drew an angry crowd, chanting "death to Khamenei!"
- Title
- Massive Glacier Collapse At High Speed Caught On Camera
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- A massive glacier in Tajikistan collapsed and started sliding down at high speed as a local filmed it on camera. It happened on the slopes of Ismoil Somoni Peak in Tajikistan's Pamir Mountains. The country's ice fields were considered relatively stable until recently, but scientists say they are now witnessing glacier loss linked to climate change that could have serious repercussions for the region.
- Title
- Deadly Earthquake Hits Northern Afghanistan, Survivors Describe Horror
- Date posted
- 5 months ago
- Description
- A deadly 6.3 magnitude earthquake has hit Northern Afghanistan. Afghans dug through the debris of collapsed homes on November 3 in the aftermath of the earthquake, which killed at least 20 people. Areas around the city of Mazar-e Sharif were badly damaged, including the city's historic Blue Mosque, with hundreds injured. Authorities said the death toll is likely to rise in the Balkh and Samangan provinces.
#afghanistan #afghanistannews
- Title
- Ukrainian Drones Hit Key Russian Oil Port In Tuapse
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- A source in Ukraine’s Security Service told RFE/RL that Ukrainian drones hit an oil terminal in Russia’s Black Sea port of Tuapse, damaging a tanker and port infrastructure. Local authorities in Russia’s Krasnodar region reported that drone debris struck the port, sparking a fire and shattering windows at the train station.
- Title
- Diana Loginova: Russia’s Teen Protest Singer Faces More Jail Time
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- The 18-year-old Russian singer Diana Loginova, also known as Naoko, has become a rising star on social media after she received a second jail sentence on October 28. Now accused of discrediting the Russian Army, she and guitarist Aleksandr Orlov, plus drummer Vladislav Leontyev, were arrested following a street concert in St. Petersburg weeks ago for singing protest songs by exiled Russian groups, including Noize MC, who are labeled as foreign agents by the Kremlin.
- Title
- The Dangerous Unknown: Russia’s New Nuclear Missile In Action
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Meet the Burevestnik: Russia’s nuclear-powered missile with near-unlimited range and unpredictable flight paths. Unlike any conventional missile, it uses a compact nuclear reactor that lets it stay airborne for hours, flying low to evade radar. Russia calls it “invulnerable” to missile defenses, but experts warn of serious risks and there are doubts about its real impact.
Is this the new game changer in the nuclear arms race or just a dangerous gamble?
- Title
- Ukrainian Soldiers Risk Death Installing Anti-Drone Nets In Kostyantynivka | Ukraine Front Line
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Traveling to the Ukrainian frontline city of Kostyantynivka is extremely dangerous due to the number of Russian drone attacks. Moving around the city is just as dangerous. To protect logistical points around Kostyantynivka, Ukrainian soldiers risk their lives to install anti-drone nets over roads and around the city.
- Title
- The Tragedy That Sparked Serbia’s Biggest Protests
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- 16 people died when a concrete canopy on a Chinese-funded project collapsed at Novi Sad’s railway station on November 1, 2024. Families are still waiting for justice, protests are growing, and the Serbian government remains silent.
- Title
- Battle For Pokrovsk: Russian Forces Pushing Deeper Into The City | Ukraine Front Line Update
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Ukraine front line update: Ukrainian troops are fighting to hold their ground in the battle for Pokrovsk — a key city in the eastern Donetsk region under relentless assault. As Russia’s offensive pushes deeper into the city, soldiers describe “close to critical” conditions amid nonstop fighting, drone attacks, and heavy bombardment.
Current reports from the front show Russian forces trying to sever supply routes while Kyiv scrambles to reinforce defenses. Despite overwhelming numbers, Ukrainian units continue to resist — determined not to let Russia capture Pokrovsk entirely.
#pokrovsk #ukrainewar #ukrainenews #ukrainefrontline #russiaukrainewar #ukrainerussiawar
- Title
- Russian Antiwar Singer Naoko Gets More Jail Time Over Her Lyrics
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Russian street performer Diana Loginova, who goes by the stage name of Naoko, had her jail detention extended after a court ruledthat one of her lyrics contained an expletive. The St. Petersburg singer's anti-war songs and impromptu street gigs have drawn an impassioned following amid the Kremlin's crackdown on dissent and criticism of the government.
- Title
- How The World Is "Trolling" Russia’s Embassies
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Amid years of political failure and military deadlock, protesters around the world have used art, and in some cases vandalism outside Russian embassies to make their feelings known about the Kremlin’s invasion of Ukraine.
- Title
- Violent Incidents Against Turks Spike In Montenegro
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- A crowd chanted "Turks out!" as they marched through a largely Turkish neighborhood of Podgorica, the Montenegrin capital, while Turkish-owned businesses and cars were vandalized. The incidents followed a fight on the weekend in which a Montenegrin man was stabbed and Turkish and Azerbaijani suspects were arrested.
- Title
- Hunted At The Border: They Pay $15,000 To Flee Ukraine’s Draft
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- The Ukrainian military is facing a manpower crisis, exacerbated by draft dodgers and deserters trying to leave the country. On the border with Romania, men trying to flee service or conscription often pay smugglers to help them leave illegally, driving local guards to step up patrols using drones for surveillance.
#ukrainewar #russiaukrainewar
- Title
- Thousands Protest In Georgia One Year After Controversial Elections
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Thousands protested in in Tbilisi on October 26 against Georgia's ruling party, marking one year since parliamentary elections that international monitors said were seriously flawed. The Georgian Dream party's decision to halt EU accession talks soon after the election set off a movement of nightly protests that has continued uninterrupted for 333 days.
#georgiaprotests #georgiaelections
- Title
- 'I Thought We Were Doomed': Survivors Describe Latest Russian Strikes On Kyiv Apartments
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- The latest Russian air strikes hit Ukrainian cities overnight on October 26, continuing a week of deadly attacks on civilian sites across the country. In Kyiv, drones hit two apartment buildings, killing at least three people and wounding more than 30 others, including seven children.
#ukrainewar #ukrainenews #russiaukrainewar #ukrainerussiawar
- Title
- Russian Music Protests Against Kremlin Continue After Singer Naoko's Arrest
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Russian musicians across the country their music protest, defying the Kremlin by performing songs of exiled artists who wrote materials againt the President Putin and the war in Ukraine. The musical protests are in support of 18-year-old Diana Loginova, known as Naoko, who was recently arrested in St. Petersburg after her band, Stoptime, performed songs by exiled artists.
#russiaprotest #ukrainerussiawar #russiaukrainewar #russiansprotes
- Title
- Russian Forces Closing In On Key City, Dead Buried In Yards | Ukraine Front Line Update
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Ukraine Front Line Update: As Russian forces in Ukraine continue their advance toward the eastern city of Kostyantynivka, life for residents close to the battlefield has become a daily struggle for survival. In this report from @RadioSvobodaUkraine's Serhiy Horbatenko, locals describe the unrelenting fighting and devastation that has forced them to bury their dead in apartment courtyards and gardens.
Volunteers risk their lives to evacuate the wounded as Russian artillery and glide bombs pound the area nearly every day. With destroyed roads, drones overhead, and constant shelling, even retrieving the bodies of neighbors has become nearly impossible.
#russiaukrainewar #ukrainerussiawar #ukrainenews #ukrainewar #ukrainefrontline
- Title
- Ukrainian Drone Slams Into Moscow Suburb Apartment
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- The moment that a Ukrainian drone slammed into an apartment block in a Moscow suburb was captured by a surveillance camera. The rare strike close to the Russian capital on October 24 hit a residential building in Krasnogorsk on the western edge of Moscow. Five people, including a child, were injured according to the regional governor. The Ukrainian city of Kherson was also hit by Russian drones with officials saying that at least two people were killed.
#ukrainewar
- Title
- Thousands March In Hungary As Orban Faces Growing Opposition To Pro-Russia Policy
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Tens of thousands of people marched in Budapest on October 23, the anniversary of the Hungary uprising 1956 against Soviet authority that was violently crushed. Prime Minister Victor Orban led what he called a “Peace March,” stressing his opposition to military support for Ukraine, while his main challenger, Peter Magyar of the Tisza Party, led a mass opposition protest. Magyar supporters criticized Orban's pro-Russia stance, while Orban argued the Ukraine war should be finished as it's "blocking the growth of the European and Hungarian economies."
#hungary #orbánviktor #hungarynews #hungaryprotest
- Title
- Will New US Oil Sanctions On Russia Stop Putin?
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Will new US sanctions on Russian oil giants, announced by US President Donald Trump, actually work to stop Russian President Vladimir Putin's war on Ukraine? Russian oil has been a prime cash source for the Russia's war in Ukraine. So will the newly announced US sanctions against Russian oil giants Lukoil and Rosneft have an effect? Also, American companies will be barred from doing business with them and foreign financial institutions will also be targeted. Does that mean major Russian oil importers like India will also feel the bite?
#russiasanctions #trumpputin #ussanctions #ukrainewar #ukrainenews
- Title
- Firefighters Rush To Save Kids After Russian Drone Strikes Kindergarten
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Russian drone strike hit a kindergarten in Kharkiv during the latest Russian air strikes on Ukraine. Firefighters were filmed rushing to save the 48 children inside. In total, Russian air strikes on Ukraine on October killed at least seven people, including two children.
#russiastrikes #russiadroneattack #ukrainewar #russiaukrainewar #ukrainenews #ukrainerussiawar
- Title
- Another Russian Singer Arrested In Solidarity With Naoko
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Singing in solidarity now means arrest in Russia. Another street musician has been detained after backing Naoko, who was jailed for performing songs by exiled artists.
- Title
- Why Putin Wants Ukraine's Donbas Region So Badly
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Why does Russian President Vladimir Putin want Ukraine's Donbas region so badly? Putin's plans appears to be to take control of the remaining territory in the Donbas region to cement Russia's dominance over eastern Ukraine. Despite years of fierce battles and heavy losses, Putin continues to demand that Ukraine surrender the land it still holds. This report looks at what makes Donbas strategically and symbolically important — and why it remains central to the Kremlin’s goals in the Ukraine war.
#putin #putinukraine #ukrainewar #donetsk #russiaukrainewar #ukrainerussiawar
- Title
- Ukraine Drone Strikes Shut Down Major Russian Gas Plant
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- The latest Ukrainian drone strikes on Russia crippled a major gas-processing plant in Orenburg on October 19, causing massive fires. It's the largest facility of its kind in the world and had to suspend gas intake from Kazakhstan. A second strike on a Novokuibyshevsk oil facility also set off a major blaze. This plant makes fuel for Russian jets and lubricants for rockets. The latest attack follows a series of Ukrainian strikes on Russian energy facilities.
#ukraineattack #ukrainewar #ukrainenews #russiaukrainewar #ukrainerussiawar #ukrainestrikerussia
- Title
- Trump Made No Promises About Tomahawk Missiles For Ukraine | Trump-Zelenskyy Meeting
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Trump-Zelenskyy meeting in Washington, D.C: Zelenskyy suggested a potential deal in which Ukraine would provide the United States with drone technology in return for its long-range Tomahawk missiles, but Trump did not make any concrete offers to provide the military aid Ukraine is seeking.
#ukrainewar #ukraineaid #trumpzelenskyy #trumpnews #zelensky
- Title
- Afghanistan-Pakistan Border Chaos: Thousands Of Trucks Stranded
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- The situation on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border: the ongoing closure of the border has left hundreds of trucks stranded on both sides, severely affecting cross-border trade.
As a result, fruit and vegetable prices have surged in Pakistan, with dealers reporting sharp increases, particularly in the cost of grapes, apples, and tomatoes, due to halted supplies from Afghanistan.
An armed conflict erupted between Afghanistan and Pakistan along the border last week. Suspected air strikes on the Afghan capital, Kabul, on October 15, killed dozens and led to widespread destruction. On October 15, a cease-fire was announced.
#afghanistan #afghanistannews #pakistannews #afghanistanpakistan
- Title
- Russian-Speaking Man Attacks Ukrainian Refugee And Her Family On A Train
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- A viral video recorded a Russian-speaking man verbally and physically attacking a Ukrainian-speaking couple with a child on a train in Switzerland on October 13. The abusive man, who has been identified as Aleksandrs Vabiks of Latvia, threatened to kill them. The husband and father who was threatened said it was because his wife was a Ukrainian refugee. The incident was called "appalling" by Ukrainian officials, and Swiss authorities have detained Vabiks.
#ukrainewar #ukrainenews #ukrainerussiawar #russiaukrainewar
- Title
- Ukrainian Artillery Crews Are Doing Everything To Stop Russian Advance | Ukraine Front Line Report
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- As Russia’s offensive pushes deeper into Ukraine’s eastern Dnipropetrovsk region, Ukrainian artillery crews are holding the line under relentless fire. This Ukraine front line report captures exclusive footage from the trenches — where soldiers from the 148th Separate Artillery Brigade race to strike back at a new Russian advance.
Meanwhile, civilians in nearby villages like Novooleksandrivka face deadly Russian attacks from drones and shelling as they attempt to evacuate under fire.
From the mud and fog of the battlefield to the desperate journeys of those fleeing, this report reveals how Ukraine’s defenders and civilians are enduring Russia’s latest push on the eastern front.
By @CurrentTimeTV's Oleksiy Prodayvoda
#ukrainefrontline #ukrainewar #russiaukrainewar #ukrainerussiawar #ukrainenews
- Title
- Russian Singer Arrested For Singing Protest Songs In Public
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Russian musician Naoko has been sent to jail for 13 days after performing anti-Kremlin protest songs in St. Petersburg. She was found guilty on October 16 of organizing an unplanned public gathering. It was a rare sight: Russians protesting through song against President Vladimir Putin, the war on Ukraine, and the government in Kremlin.
- Title
- Survivors Of Afghanistan-Pakistan Conflict Say Nowhere Is Safe
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Afghanistan-Pakistan conflict latest: the cease-fire announced on October 15 appears to be holding for now, but Afghan survivors in Kabul say they are still scared to go anywhere and that nowhere feels safe.
Fighting along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, along with suspected air strikes on the Afghan capital, Kabul, on October 15, has killed dozens and led to widespread destruction. Afghans who called in to RFE/RL's Radio Azadi describe the toll while a Pakistani man says he lost his son to a Taliban-launched mortar shell.
#afghanistan #afghanistannews #pakistannews #afghanistanpakistan
- Title
- Explosions Rock Kabul As Afghanistan And Pakistan Agree To Short Cease-Fire
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Explosions rocked the Afghanistan capital of Kabul on October 15 hours after another violent border clash with Pakistan. Tensions have increased since October 11 -- but a cease-fire was announced by both countries following the blasts.
#afhganistan #pakistan #pakistannews
- Title
- New Deadly Clashes On The Afghanistan-Pakistan Border
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- More clashes have broken out along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border with dozens of Taliban fighters reportedly killed on October 15. Fighting near the Pakistani border town of Chaman followed three days of escalating conflict between the two countries. Tensions have risen over the Taliban's alleged sheltering of fugitives wanted by Pakistan on terrorism charges.
- Title
- Who’s Recruiting Cubans To Fight In Ukraine?
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Thousands of Cubans have been recruited to travel to Russia -- and many have ended up fighting in Ukraine, possibly under false pretenses.
A 41-year-old, multi-lingual travel agent from the Russian provincial city of Ryazan is among those involved in a shady recruitment network, RFE/RL’s Systema investigative unit found.
#cuba #russia #russiaukrainewar
- Title
- Europe’s ‘Drone Wall’: The Bold Plan To Stop Russian Drones
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Russian drones have crossed into EU airspace. Airports have been forced to shut down. Now, the European Union says it’s time to build a “drone wall.”
As NATO defense ministers meet in Brussels, here’s what that plan really means and whether it can stop the next Russian incursion.
- Title
- Why Russia Is Charging Ukrainian Teens With Terrorism
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Imagine being a teenager in occupied Melitopol: suddenly detained and deported to Russia, now facing terrorism charges. That’s the reality for several Ukrainian teens right now. This is part of a bigger russification campaign in the middle of the Russia-Ukraine war. How many similar cases are there, and is there any chance of bringing the children home?
- Title
- Russian Glide Bomb Hits Hospital In Kharkiv
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- The latest Russian air strike on Ukraine: a Russian glide bomb hit a hospital in Kharkiv while 57 patients were inside. They have now been transferred to another medical facility.
The latest bomb attack comes after months of intense Russian air attacks targeting Ukrainian cities and infrastructure. Moscow denies deliberately hitting civilian sites, despite extensive evidence to the contrary.
#ukrainewar #ukrainenews #kharkiv #russiaukrainewar #ukrainerussiawar
- Title
- The Bizarre NATO-Russia Border Road That’s Causing Tension In Estonia
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- A strange NATO-Russia border road in a tiny area called the Saatse 'boot' (Saatse saabas in Estonian) has been causing tensions between Estonia and Russia after Russian soldiers were seen standing on the border crossing road that is supposed to be passable on the condition you do not stop there.
#estoniarussia #estonia
- Title
- Massive Fire In Key Russian Oil Depot In Crimea After Ukraine Drone Strike
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Ukrainian drone strikes hit a key Russian oil depot in Russia-occupied Crimea on October 13, causing massive fires. The key energy resource -- the largest oil storage and shipment hub on the occupied peninsula -- sustained heavy damage, with multiple fires reported. Russian air strikes, meanwhile, triggered fires in the Ukrainian port city of Odesa, injuring at least one person.
#ukrainestrikerussia #ukraineattackrussia #crimea #ukrainewar #russiaukrainewar #ukrainerussiawar
- Title
- Dozens Killed As Pakistan And Afghanistan Forces Clash
- Date posted
- 6 months ago
- Description
- Fierce fighting broke out in at least five locations on the Afghan-Pakistani border overnight, killing multiple soldiers and prompting Islamabad to close two major border crossings, officials in the two countries said on October 12.
